Fix and flip investing โ buying distressed properties, renovating them, and selling at a profit โ remains one of the most active real estate investment strategies in the country. The financing that makes it possible is the fix and flip loan, also called a hard money loan or rehab loan. Understanding how these loans work, what lenders actually look for, and how to structure a deal correctly is what separates investors who close consistently from those who struggle to get funded.
What Is a Fix and Flip Loan?
A fix and flip loan is a short-term, asset-based loan that provides financing for both the acquisition and renovation of an investment property. Unlike a conventional mortgage โ which underwrites the borrower's income, employment, and credit history โ a fix and flip loan underwrites the deal. The lender asks: what is this property worth today, what will it be worth after renovation, what does the renovation cost, and does the math produce enough margin for everyone to get paid. If the answer is yes, the loan gets funded. Your tax return is irrelevant.
How After-Repair Value (ARV) Drives Everything
ARV is the single most important number in fix and flip financing. It's the estimated market value of the property after all planned renovations are completed. Every other number in the deal โ maximum purchase price, maximum loan amount, required down payment โ is derived from the ARV. Lenders typically want the total loan (purchase plus rehab) to stay at or below 70โ75% of ARV. That margin protects the lender if the project runs over budget or the market moves during renovation. It also ensures the investor has real profit potential at exit.
Getting the ARV right is the most critical skill in fix and flip investing. Overestimating ARV is the most common reason flips go wrong. Use conservative comparable sales โ properties that have actually sold, not listed, within the past 90 days, within a half mile, of similar size and condition after renovation. Have your lender's appraiser verify your numbers before you're committed to the deal.
Renovation Draw Schedules
Renovation funds are not disbursed as a lump sum at closing. They're released in draws as work is completed โ typically three to five draws over the course of the project. Before each draw is released, a draw inspector visits the property to verify the work claimed has been completed satisfactorily. This protects both the lender and the investor by ensuring funds are only deployed for work actually done. Having an organized renovation timeline and contractor schedule significantly speeds up the draw process and keeps your project on track.
Exit Strategy: Why It Matters to Your Lender
Every fix and flip loan requires a clear exit strategy โ how you plan to repay the loan at the end of the term. The two primary exits are sale (selling the renovated property on the open market) and refinance (converting into a long-term DSCR rental loan). Most fix and flip loans have terms of 6โ24 months with interest-only payments, with a balloon payment due at maturity. Your lender needs to understand your exit before funding because that's how they get repaid. A realistic, time-bound exit strategy is required for any flip loan โ particularly for first-time investors who don't yet have a track record of successful exits.
Fix and Flip Loans vs. Conventional Financing
Conventional lenders won't touch most fix and flip deals for three reasons. First, the properties are distressed โ they don't meet conventional habitability standards and won't pass standard appraisals. Second, the holding period is too short โ conventional mortgages are 30-year products; a 6-month flip doesn't fit. Third, the qualification requirements โ W2 income, DTI limits, long processing times โ all conflict with the speed and investor profile that fix and flip transactions require. Fix and flip hard money loans are specifically designed for this use case. They exist because conventional financing doesn't work for it.